\u0130stanbul ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ile Marmara Denizinden olu\u015fan T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar sisteminin, Karadeniz\u2019i Akdeniz\u2019e ba\u011flayan tek su yolu olarak sahip oldu\u011fu stratejik \u00f6nem tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmazd\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131, \u00fclkemizin oldu\u011fu kadar, Karadeniz\u2019e k\u0131y\u0131da\u015f \u00fclkelerin de gerek ekonomisi, gerek asker\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bo\u011fazlar, Karadeniz \u00fclkelerini d\u00fcnya piyasalar\u0131na ba\u011flayan ana ticaret g\u00fczergah\u0131 konumunda.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejik \u00f6nemin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, d\u00fcnyada ba\u015fka \u00f6rne\u011fi olmayan bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zelliklere de sahip. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, 3000 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihe ve 16 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n n\u00fcfusa sahip bir metropol olan, UNESCO taraf\u0131ndan \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131\u201d olarak ilan edilen \u0130stanbul\u2019un ortas\u0131ndan, \u015fehrin tarih\u00ee mekanlar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131ndan k\u0131vr\u0131larak ge\u00e7iyor.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde k\u0131y\u0131lara kondurulan yal\u0131lar ise Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i mimarisinin en se\u00e7kin \u00f6rneklerinden olup, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fsiz bir g\u00fczelli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu h\u00e2len eski h\u00e2llerini koruyan yal\u0131lar, hem \u0130stanbul \u015fehrinin, hem de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en pahal\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131rlar. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i yal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n en bilinenleri Hasip Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131, Muhsinizade Yal\u0131s\u0131, Ahmet Fethi Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131, Tophane M\u00fc\u015firi Zeki Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131, K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Yal\u0131s\u0131, Tahsin Bey Yal\u0131s\u0131, Kont Ostrorog Yal\u0131s\u0131, \u015eehzade Burhaneddin Efendi Yal\u0131s\u0131, Zarif Mustafa Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131 ve Nuri Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131 olarak s\u0131ralanabilir. Ayr\u0131ca; Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nde \u00e7ok say\u0131da muhte\u015fem saray in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131, \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan Saray\u0131, Beylerbeyi Saray\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcksu Kasr\u0131, Beykoz Kasr\u0131 Adile Sultan Kasr\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi, M\u0131s\u0131r Konsoloslu\u011fu ve Sak\u0131p Sabanc\u0131 M\u00fczesi gibi tarih\u00ee yap\u0131lar da Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nin di\u011fer bilinen e\u015fsiz mimari \u015faheserlere \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 esas\u0131nda Karadeniz \u00fclkelerinin Akdeniz\u2019e bir nevi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Asya ile Avrupa k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran do\u011fal suyolu olmas\u0131 sebebi ile \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan kalan stratejik bir \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Uzunlu\u011fu 29,9 km olan \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eni, Karadeniz giri\u015finde 4,7 km, Marmara giri\u015finde 2,5 km civar\u0131nda olup en dar yeri ise (Kandilli-Rumelihisar\u0131-Bebek) 700 metredir. Fiziksel, o\u015finografik ve meteorolojik olarak emniyetli seyri k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 bir\u00e7ok unsurun yan\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 Panama Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt kat\u0131, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011funda bir deniz trafi\u011fine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyada deniz trafi\u011fi en yo\u011fun olan b\u00f6lgelerden biri olmakla beraber olduk\u00e7a dar ve k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip olan \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, Kandilli \u00f6nlerinde 45 derece ve Yenik\u00f6y\u2019de ise 80 derecelik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flere varan 12 \u00e7ok kritik rota de\u011fi\u015fim manevras\u0131 ve yer yer h\u0131z\u0131 saatte 7-8 km\u2019ye varan karma\u015f\u0131k ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ile jeomorfoloji ve hidrografi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemle durulmas\u0131 gereken bir b\u00f6lgedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n su alt\u0131 topo\u011frafyas\u0131 incelendi\u011finde bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ukur ve banklarla (s\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar) dolu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kuzey-g\u00fcney istikametinde Bo\u011faz\u0131 boydan boya kat eden 50 metre izobat\u0131 (e\u015f derinlik e\u011frisi) bir oluk olu\u015fturuyor. Bo\u011faz\u0131n darla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesimlerde ani derinle\u015fmeler ve \u00e7ukurla\u015fmalar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek ak\u0131nt\u0131 \u015fiddeti<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz gibi birbirinden farkl\u0131 tuzluluk, s\u0131cakl\u0131k vb. \u015fartlara sahip iki denizi birle\u015ftiriyor. Bu nedenle denizel ortam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan etkisi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hava k\u00fctleleri ve bitki ve hayvan \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ile karasal ortam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6zel ekolojik \u015fartlara sahiptir. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren en \u00f6nemli o\u015finografik fakt\u00f6r ak\u0131nt\u0131d\u0131r. Dalgalar ve gel-git gibi di\u011fer o\u015finografik fakt\u00f6rler \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndaki deniz trafi\u011fi \u00fczerinde ak\u0131nt\u0131 kadar etkili de\u011fildir. Y\u0131l boyu kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6nl\u00fc h\u0131z\u0131 6 deniz mili \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fczey ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, Kandilli, Kanl\u0131ca ve Yenik\u00f6y\u2019de olu\u015fan anafor ak\u0131nt\u0131lar ile 15 m derinlikten ba\u015flayan ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc dip ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 var. Bo\u011faz\u0131n fiziki yap\u0131s\u0131 (dar ve k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131) ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nemini art\u0131ran bir fakt\u00f6r. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131nda ak\u0131nt\u0131, di\u011fer Bo\u011fazlarda da oldu\u011fu gibi ya\u011f\u0131\u015f-buharla\u015fma ve akarsu girdilerinin etkilerinde hidrolojik \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda geli\u015fir. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda ak\u0131nt\u0131 \u015fiddeti Karadeniz\u2019e ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ve akarsular vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile olan girdilere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterebiliyor.<\/p>\n
Karadeniz\u2019den Marmara\u2019ya do\u011fru olan normal ak\u0131nt\u0131, \u015fiddetli lodos r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda Marmara\u2019dan Karadeniz\u2019e d\u00f6nebiliyor. Yerel olarak \u201corkoz\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bu ak\u0131nt\u0131, \u00f6zelikle b\u00fcy\u00fck gemilerin manevra ve seyirlerini g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirebiliyor. Karadeniz\u2019den Marmara Denizi\u2019ne do\u011fru akan \u00fcst ak\u0131nt\u0131 girdi\u011fi koylarda girdaplar halinde d\u00f6ner ve k\u0131y\u0131lara yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde Marmara Denizi\u2019nden Karadeniz\u2019e do\u011fru akan bir dip ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu dip ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n deniz y\u00fczeyinden olan derinli\u011fi yere ve \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir. Baz\u0131 yerlerde ve \u015fartlarda deniz y\u00fczeyinin 10 mil alt\u0131nda bulunabilir. Bu nedenle dip ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, su \u00e7ekimi fazla olan b\u00fcy\u00fck tonajl\u0131 gemilerin seyrini ve manevralar\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiler.<\/p>\n
Biyolojik koridor<\/b><\/p>\n
Karadeniz kapal\u0131 deniz olup, su yenilenmesi sadece \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 yolu ile olmaktad\u0131r. Bo\u011fazlar ayn\u0131 zamanda Akdeniz ile Karadeniz aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir biyolojik koridor vasf\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Mevsime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Marmara\u2019dan Karadeniz\u2019e ve Karadeniz\u2019den Marmara\u2019ya ba\u015fta bal\u0131k olmak \u00fczere su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri g\u00f6\u00e7leri g\u00f6zlemlenebiliyor.<\/p>\n
Karadeniz, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00fczerinden Marmara\u2019ya, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 ve Ege Denizi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da Akdeniz\u2019e ba\u011flan\u0131r. Bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, az buharla\u015fma ve karasal tatl\u0131 su girdilerinin fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle Karadeniz\u2019de y\u00fczey sular\u0131nda su b\u00fct\u00e7esi her zaman fazlal\u0131k g\u00f6stermekte bu sebeple y\u00fczey sular\u0131 \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 yoluyla Marmara Denizi\u2019ne do\u011fru akmaktad\u0131r. Bo\u011fazdaki ters ak\u0131nt\u0131 sistemi ise Akdeniz\u2018in tuzlu sular\u0131n\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019in dip basenine ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Genel ak\u0131nt\u0131 sistemlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131 boyunca t\u00fcm Karadeniz\u2019i \u00e7evreleyen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir siklonik (saat d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn tersi y\u00f6nde) d\u00f6ng\u00fc bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Biti\u015fik veya birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 denizler, meteorolojik \u015fartlar, y\u00fczey ve dip ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla birbirlerinin hidrolojik \u00f6zelliklerini etkileme potansiyeline sahiptir. Haliyle, herhangi bir denizde meydana gelen fiziksel ve kimyasal de\u011fi\u015fim di\u011fer denizlere de yans\u0131yor. Karadeniz\u2019den y\u0131lda 548 km3 su Marmara\u2019ya ge\u00e7erken, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Marmara\u2019dan Karadeniz\u2019e dip ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla 249 km3 su ge\u00e7i\u015fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 fiziki \u00f6zellikleriyle seyir bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyadaki en zor suyollar\u0131ndan biridir. Bo\u011fazlardaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ak\u0131nt\u0131lar, keskin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler ve de\u011fi\u015fken hava \u015fartlar\u0131 seyr\u00fcseferi son derece zorla\u015ft\u0131ran unsurlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyor. Buna ra\u011fmen Bo\u011fazda gemi trafi\u011fi \u00e7ok yo\u011fundur. Y\u0131lda ortalama 42.000 gemi ge\u00e7i\u015f yapmakta ve ge\u00e7en gemilerin yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 binden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 petrol ve petrol t\u00fcrevi maddeler ta\u015f\u0131yan gemiler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu gemiler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla, T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan y\u00fck miktar\u0131 y\u0131lda ortalama 460 milyon tonu a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu miktar\u0131n 140-150 milyon tonunu, di\u011fer bir tabirle 3\u2019te birini tehlikeli y\u00fckler olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7i\u015f serbestisi<\/b><\/p>\n
1936 tarihli Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re ticaret gemilerinin sa\u011fl\u0131k denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir i\u015fleme tabi tutulmadan gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ge\u00e7ebilmeleri, k\u0131lavuz ve r\u00f6mork\u00f6r almalar\u0131n\u0131n da iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131, tarihi miras olan \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlikelerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Sadece b\u00fcy\u00fck 8 kaza 1,3 Milyar Dolar kay\u0131p getirdi<\/b><\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek trafik yo\u011funlu\u011fu, tehlikeli y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, artan gemi boylar\u0131, karma\u015f\u0131k trafik yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7 hava-deniz-ak\u0131nt\u0131 ve iklim\u00a0\u015fartlar\u0131, hassas \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131, mahalli tehlikeler, gemi trafi\u011fini etkileyen di\u011fer denizcilik faaliyetleri, art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren deniz kazalar\u0131, gemilerin ilerlemesini k\u0131s\u0131tlayan dar su ge\u00e7itleri nedeniyle, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer bo\u011fazlar\u0131na ve k\u0131y\u0131 ve i\u00e7 sular\u0131na g\u00f6re kaza riski en y\u00fcksek su yoludur. Bu nedenle, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00f6nemli deniz kazalar\u0131 meydana gelmi\u015f, can-mal kayb\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ciddi \u00e7evresel tahribatlar olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
En \u00f6nemli deniz kazalar\u0131;<\/span><\/u><\/p>\n – 14 Aral\u0131k 1960 tarihinde \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0130stinye Peter Verovitz (Yugoslav) ile World Harmony (Yunan) adl\u0131 iki tanker \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130nfilak eden tankerler sonucu korkun\u00e7 bir yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve ayr\u0131ca tonlarca petrol denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc. Kazada 20 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n – 01 Mart 1966 tarihinde iki Rus gemisinin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda denize d\u00f6k\u00fclen akaryak\u0131t tutu\u015fmu\u015ftu ve Kad\u0131k\u00f6y iskelesi ve Kad\u0131k\u00f6y vapuru yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n – 15 Kas\u0131m 1979 tarihinde Yunan tankeri Evriali ile Rumen band\u0131ral\u0131 Independenta tankeri Haydarpa\u015fa yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 95 bin ton petrol Bo\u011faza d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc. \u0130nfilak eden Independenta tankerinde 43 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc. Yang\u0131n 2 ay s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n – 14 Mart 1994 tarihinde Yunan tankeri Nassia ve Sea Broker \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 27 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc. 10.000 ton ham petrol yand\u0131.<\/p>\n – 29 Aral\u0131k 1999 tarihinde Rus Volgoneft-248, lodosla karaya vurdu, ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. 1600 ton fuel-oil denize akm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok deniz canl\u0131s\u0131 ve ku\u015f zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131ca kayal\u0131k, kumsal, beton yap\u0131daki 7 km sahil \u015feridi petrole bulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n – 07 Nisan .2018 tarihinde 225 metre boyundaki \u2018\u2019Vitaspirit\u2019\u2019 adl\u0131 y\u00fck gemisi FSM K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erken d\u00fcmenin kilitlenmesi nedeniyle Beylerbeyi taraf\u0131nda bulunan Hekimba\u015f\u0131 Salih Efendi Yal\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7arpm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n – 27 Aral\u0131k 2019 tarihinde Liberya bandral\u0131 191 m uzunlu\u011funda ve 24 bin grostonluk \u2018\u2019Songa Iridium\u2019\u2019 adl\u0131 kuru y\u00fck gemisi, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda Rumeli Hisar\u0131 mevkiinde k\u0131y\u0131ya \u00e7arparak karaya oturdu. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz saatlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaya tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden vatanda\u015flar b\u00fcy\u00fck panik ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n – Tarih 06 Ocak 2020, yer Kabata\u015f\u2026186 m uzunlu\u011fundaki Rus sava\u015f gemisi Mare\u015fal Ustinov, son y\u0131llarda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi \u00fclkemizde de etkisini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n bir sonucu olan, \u015fiddetli f\u0131rt\u0131na ve ya\u011fmur nedeniyle Kabata\u015f\u2019a yana\u015f\u0131rken s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi. Sahil G\u00fcvenlik botlar\u0131 gemiye m\u00fcdahale ederek, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olay\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na engel oldu.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fanan olaylar g\u00f6stermektedir ki, Bo\u011fazda meydana gelebilecek kazalar\u0131n etkileri; b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131nlar, kitlesel \u00f6l\u00fcmler, deniz canl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen yok olmas\u0131 gibi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilece\u011fi gibi, d\u00f6rt denizimizin \u201ckapal\u0131 deniz\u201d olmalar\u0131 ve su yenileme zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n uzun olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, denize giren at\u0131klar\u0131n ortamda uzun s\u00fcre kalmalar\u0131na da yol a\u00e7acak. Denizlerimiz y\u0131llarca bu olumsuz etkilerden kurtulamayacak.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fin bir de tarihi boyutu var. Evet. \u0130stanbul\u2019un kendi tarihimizde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yeri var. Ancak, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bizim d\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda da bir\u00e7ok medeniyete ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle tam bir tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 olan \u0130stanbul\u2019u bu a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, olu\u015fmas\u0131 muhtemel kazalar\u0131n, tarih\u00ee eserlere verebilece\u011fi zararlar\u0131n neler olabilece\u011fi tahmin bile edilemez. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 olan bir\u00e7ok eserin yok olmas\u0131na neden olacak ve bir tarih ortadan silinme tehlikesi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacak.<\/p>\n Neden Kanal \u0130stanbul?<\/b><\/p>\n Tam bir tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr mozai\u011fi olan \u0130stanbul\u2019un kalbi konumundaki \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli h\u00e2le gelmesi i\u00e7in Kanal \u0130stanbul Projesinin hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. \u00c7anakkale ve \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 do\u011fal kanallar olup; binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce olu\u015fmu\u015f kanallard\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir de yapma kanallar var. Panama, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanallar\u0131 gibi. Bunlar da k\u00fcresel ticaretin geli\u015fmesi ile beraber maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme, zaman tasarrufu sa\u011flamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve hayata ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f projelerdir. Kanal \u0130stanbul, h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda Karadeniz ile Akdeniz aras\u0131nda alternatifsiz bir ge\u00e7it olan \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndaki gemi trafi\u011fini rahatlatmak ad\u0131na Karadeniz ile Marmara Denizi aras\u0131nda yapay bir suyolu olacak. B\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fck trafi\u011fi \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131na u\u011framadan devam edecektir.<\/p>\n K\u00fcresel ortamda ekonomik faaliyetlerin art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermesi, paralelinde \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en gemi say\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00fck miktar\u0131n\u0131 da artt\u0131rd\u0131. Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin akdedildi\u011fi 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7en gemi say\u0131s\u0131 3.000 iken son 13 y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ortalama gemi ge\u00e7i\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 50.294 olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015flerin en az %20\u2019sini tehlikeli madde ta\u015f\u0131yan tankerler olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n Ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve Altyap\u0131 Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131ndan y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama olarak ta\u015f\u0131nan tehlikeli madde miktar\u0131 140-150 milyon ton aras\u0131nda seyrediyor. Bu de\u011fer de y\u0131ll\u0131k maksimum ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi 50 milyon ton olan Bak\u00fc-Tiflis-Ceyhan boru hatt\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nabilecek petrol miktar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 kat\u0131 seviyelerindedir.<\/p>\n Gemi trafi\u011findeki art\u0131\u015f, teknolojik geli\u015fmeler neticesinde gemi boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve \u00f6zellikle petrol ve t\u00fcrevlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan tanker ge\u00e7i\u015flerinin artmas\u0131, bo\u011faz \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131 ve kaza risklerini art\u0131r\u0131yor. Resmi verilere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda konteyner gemi trafi\u011fi 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren %11\u2019lik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6sterse de gemi boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ile ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesinin %41 art\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131na alternatif ge\u00e7i\u015f koridoru olu\u015fturulma plan\u0131n\u0131n zaruri nedenlerinden biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yine, Ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve Altyap\u0131 Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re; her bir normal gemi ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in ortalama 14 saat, her bir tehlikeli y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan gemi i\u00e7in 30 saat bekleme s\u00fcresi oldu\u011fu, bu bekleme s\u00fcresi seyr\u00fcsefer halindeki gemilere g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama 120 bin ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131 bulan ilave maliyet olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n Kanal g\u00fczergah\u0131 i\u00e7in; 2011 ile 2015 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ile elde edilen veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 5 adet alternatif koridordan Avc\u0131lar, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir ve Arnavutk\u00f6y il\u00e7eleri s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan koridor uygulanabilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kesinle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Kanal \u0130stanbul, \u015fehrin Avrupa Yakas\u0131\u2019nda, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece, Avc\u0131lar, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir, Arnavutk\u00f6y il\u00e7elerinden ge\u00e7ecek. Kanal \u0130stanbul Projesi \u00c7ED Ba\u015fvuru dosyas\u0131 20.02.2018 tarihinde \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sunulmu\u015f ve 27.03.2018 tarihinde Arnavutk\u00f6y il\u00e7esinde halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m toplant\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcm riskler simule edildi<\/b><\/p>\n 15 bin sayfay\u0131 ge\u00e7en \u00c7ED Raporunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda 33 bilim dal\u0131nda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 200\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerinde akademisyen g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 28.11.2019 tarihinde, proje i\u00e7in, ilgili 55 kurum ve kurulu\u015f temsilcilerinden te\u015fkil edilen komisyon toplanm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130nceleme De\u011ferlendirme Komisyonu (\u0130DK) toplant\u0131s\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130DK toplant\u0131s\u0131 neticesinde rapora son \u015fekli verilmi\u015f ve 23.12.2019 tarihinde rapor ask\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Ask\u0131daki rapora gelen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de dikkate al\u0131narak, g\u00fcncellenen rapor 17 Ocak 2020 tarihinde \u201c\u00c7ED Olumlu Karar\u0131\u201d ald\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00c7ED Raporunda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere kanal\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu 45 km, minimum taban geni\u015fli\u011fi 275 m, kanal derinli\u011fi ise 20,75 m olacak. 2 liman, 1 yat liman\u0131, 1 lojistik merkezi, 7 adet k\u00f6pr\u00fc ge\u00e7i\u015fi, dip tarama ve k\u0131y\u0131 dolgu alanlar\u0131 ile 2 demiryolu ve 2 hafif rayl\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015f olu\u015fturulacak olan yard\u0131mc\u0131 tesisler, proje kapsam\u0131nda in\u015fas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek \u00fcnitelerdir. Proje ile birlikte istihdama da pozitif katk\u0131 yap\u0131lacak. Ayr\u0131ca olu\u015fturulacak limanlar ile birlikte, \u0130stanbul\u2019un deniz ticaretinde \u00f6nc\u00fc merkezlerden biri olma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r. 7 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde tamamlanmas\u0131 gereken proje en az 100 y\u0131l \u00fclkemize hizmet vermesi projeksiyonu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecektir.<\/p>\n Kanal \u0130stanbul i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan trafik et\u00fct verilerine g\u00f6re Karadeniz\u2019de ticaret yapan konteyner gemilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 3.167 TEU ( Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) olan seviyeden 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda 3.996 TEU\u2019ya ve 2071 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5.604 TEU\u2019ya artmas\u0131n\u0131n beklendi\u011fi hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marmara B\u00f6lgesi Limanlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam 11,4 milyon TEU teorik y\u00fck elle\u00e7leme kapasitesi vard\u0131r. Son 4 y\u0131ll\u0131k verilere g\u00f6re elle\u00e7leme miktar\u0131 her y\u0131l 5 milyon TEU\u2019dur. Haz\u0131rlanan \u00c7evre D\u00fczeni Plan\u0131 ile \u0130stanbul\u2019un riskli yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun bulundu\u011fu yerle\u015fik alanlar\u0131ndaki yap\u0131 sto\u011fu, Kanal \u0130stanbul\u2019un her iki yakas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilecek. Planlamalar \u015fehrin do\u011fal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, tarihi ve sosyal \u00f6zellikleri dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul\u2019a yap\u0131lacak bir kanal, tarih\u00ee ve tabii bir de\u011fere sahip \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131 her g\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olduklar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlikeden kurtaracakt\u0131r. Kanal \u0130stanbul sayesinde \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en tankerlerin kanaldan ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flanarak tehlike ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130stanbul ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ile Marmara Denizinden olu\u015fan T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar sisteminin, Karadeniz\u2019i Akdeniz\u2019e ba\u011flayan tek su yolu olarak sahip oldu\u011fu stratejik \u00f6nem tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmazd\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131, \u00fclkemizin oldu\u011fu kadar, Karadeniz\u2019e k\u0131y\u0131da\u015f \u00fclkelerin de gerek ekonomisi, gerek asker\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bo\u011fazlar, Karadeniz \u00fclkelerini d\u00fcnya piyasalar\u0131na ba\u011flayan ana ticaret g\u00fczergah\u0131 konumunda. T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejik…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":394,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/284"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=284"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":395,"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/284\/revisions\/395"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/394"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birpinar.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}